diff --git a/.github/scripts/docker-compute-fingerprints.sh b/.github/scripts/docker-compute-fingerprints.sh
index 709b45e55a..259d01b993 100755
--- a/.github/scripts/docker-compute-fingerprints.sh
+++ b/.github/scripts/docker-compute-fingerprints.sh
@@ -17,69 +17,134 @@ get_php_version() {
 		jq -r '.Env[] | select(test("^PHP_VERSION=")) | sub("^PHP_VERSION="; "")'
 }
 
-PHP_82_LATEST="$(get_php_version 8.2)"
-PHP_83_LATEST="$(get_php_version 8.3)"
-PHP_84_LATEST="$(get_php_version 8.4)"
-PHP_85_LATEST="$(get_php_version 8.5)"
-
-PHP_VERSION="${PHP_82_LATEST},${PHP_83_LATEST},${PHP_84_LATEST},${PHP_85_LATEST}"
-write_output "php_version=${PHP_VERSION}"
-write_output "php82_version=${PHP_82_LATEST//./-}"
-write_output "php83_version=${PHP_83_LATEST//./-}"
-write_output "php84_version=${PHP_84_LATEST//./-}"
-write_output "php85_version=${PHP_85_LATEST//./-}"
-
-if [[ "${GITHUB_EVENT_NAME:-}" == "schedule" ]]; then
-	FRANKENPHP_LATEST_TAG="$(gh release view --repo php/frankenphp --json tagName --jq '.tagName')"
-	git checkout "${FRANKENPHP_LATEST_TAG}"
-fi
-
-METADATA="$(PHP_VERSION="${PHP_VERSION}" docker buildx bake --print | jq -c)"
-
-BASE_IMAGES=()
-while IFS= read -r image; do
-	BASE_IMAGES+=("${image}")
-done < <(jq -r '
-	.target[]?.contexts? | to_entries[]?
-	| select(.value | startswith("docker-image://"))
-	| .value
-	| sub("^docker-image://"; "")
-' <<<"${METADATA}" | sort -u)
-
-BASE_IMAGE_DIGESTS=()
-for image in "${BASE_IMAGES[@]}"; do
+get_image_digest() {
+	local image="$1" ref
 	if [[ "${image}" == */* ]]; then
 		ref="docker://docker.io/${image}"
 	else
 		ref="docker://docker.io/library/${image}"
 	fi
-	digest="$(skopeo inspect "${ref}" \
+	skopeo inspect "${ref}" \
 		--override-os linux \
 		--override-arch amd64 \
-		--format '{{.Digest}}')"
-	BASE_IMAGE_DIGESTS+=("${image}@${digest}")
-done
+		--format '{{.Digest}}'
+}
 
-BASE_FINGERPRINT="$(printf '%s\n' "${BASE_IMAGE_DIGESTS[@]}" | sort | sha256sum | awk '{print $1}')"
-write_output "base_fingerprint=${BASE_FINGERPRINT}"
+get_existing_fingerprint() {
+	local tag="$1"
+	skopeo inspect "docker://docker.io/dunglas/frankenphp:${tag}" \
+		--override-os linux \
+		--override-arch amd64 2>/dev/null |
+		jq -r '.Labels["dev.frankenphp.base.fingerprint"] // empty' || true
+}
 
-if [[ "${GITHUB_EVENT_NAME:-}" != "schedule" ]]; then
-	write_output "skip=false"
-	exit 0
-fi
+# Everything runs from main(), parsed before execution starts: this script checks out
+# another Git reference (and thus replaces itself on disk) while running, and bash
+# reads script files lazily.
+main() {
+	local PHP_82_LATEST PHP_83_LATEST PHP_84_LATEST PHP_85_LATEST PHP_VERSION
+	PHP_82_LATEST="$(get_php_version 8.2)"
+	PHP_83_LATEST="$(get_php_version 8.3)"
+	PHP_84_LATEST="$(get_php_version 8.4)"
+	PHP_85_LATEST="$(get_php_version 8.5)"
 
-FRANKENPHP_LATEST_TAG_NO_PREFIX="${FRANKENPHP_LATEST_TAG#v}"
-EXISTING_FINGERPRINT=$(
-	skopeo inspect "docker://docker.io/dunglas/frankenphp:${FRANKENPHP_LATEST_TAG_NO_PREFIX}" \
-		--override-os linux \
-		--override-arch amd64 |
-		jq -r '.Labels["dev.frankenphp.base.fingerprint"] // empty'
-)
+	PHP_VERSION="${PHP_82_LATEST},${PHP_83_LATEST},${PHP_84_LATEST},${PHP_85_LATEST}"
+	write_output "php_version=${PHP_VERSION}"
+	write_output "php82_version=${PHP_82_LATEST//./-}"
+	write_output "php83_version=${PHP_83_LATEST//./-}"
+	write_output "php84_version=${PHP_84_LATEST//./-}"
+	write_output "php85_version=${PHP_85_LATEST//./-}"
+
+	local FRANKENPHP_LATEST_TAG=""
+	if [[ "${GITHUB_EVENT_NAME:-}" == "schedule" ]]; then
+		FRANKENPHP_LATEST_TAG="$(gh release view --repo php/frankenphp --json tagName --jq '.tagName')"
+		git checkout "${FRANKENPHP_LATEST_TAG}"
+		write_output "ref=${FRANKENPHP_LATEST_TAG}"
+	fi
+
+	# Pin the revision and timestamps to the commit being built so that rebuilding
+	# unchanged sources produces reproducible images
+	write_output "sha=$(git rev-parse HEAD)"
+	write_output "source_date_epoch=$(git log -1 --format=%ct)"
+	write_output "created=$(TZ=UTC git log -1 --date=format-local:%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ --format=%cd)"
+
+	local METADATA
+	METADATA="$(PHP_VERSION="${PHP_VERSION}" docker buildx bake --print | jq -c)"
 
-if [[ -n "${EXISTING_FINGERPRINT}" ]] && [[ "${EXISTING_FINGERPRINT}" == "${BASE_FINGERPRINT}" ]]; then
-	write_output "skip=true"
-	exit 0
-fi
+	# Collect the base images (docker-image:// contexts) of each variant. The variant key
+	# is derived from the php-base ref (e.g. "php:8.4.23-zts-trixie" -> "8.4.23-trixie") and
+	# matches the "${php-version}-${os}" keys expected by docker-bake.hcl for BASE_FINGERPRINTS.
+	declare -A VARIANT_IMAGES=() VARIANT_NAMES=() DIGEST_CACHE=() VARIANT_FINGERPRINTS=()
+	local target php_base images image variant_key variant_name
+	while IFS=$'\t' read -r target php_base images; do
+		[[ -z "${php_base}" ]] && continue
+		variant_key="${php_base#php:}"
+		variant_key="${variant_key/-zts/}"
+		variant_name="${target#builder-}"
+		variant_name="${variant_name#runner-}"
+		VARIANT_IMAGES["${variant_key}"]="${images}"
+		VARIANT_NAMES["${variant_key}"]="${variant_name}"
+	done < <(jq -r '
+		.target | to_entries[]
+		| (.value.contexts // {} | [to_entries[].value | select(startswith("docker-image://")) | sub("^docker-image://"; "")]) as $images
+		| select(($images | length) > 0)
+		| [.key, ($images | map(select(startswith("php:"))) | first // ""), ($images | sort | join(" "))]
+		| @tsv
+	' <<<"${METADATA}")
+
+	# Fingerprint each variant from the digests of its own base images, and keep the
+	# legacy fingerprint of all base images for images built before the per-variant split
+	local fingerprints_json="{}" all_digests=()
+	for variant_key in "${!VARIANT_IMAGES[@]}"; do
+		local variant_digests=()
+		for image in ${VARIANT_IMAGES["${variant_key}"]}; do
+			if [[ -z "${DIGEST_CACHE["${image}"]:-}" ]]; then
+				DIGEST_CACHE["${image}"]="$(get_image_digest "${image}")"
+			fi
+			variant_digests+=("${image}@${DIGEST_CACHE["${image}"]}")
+		done
+		VARIANT_FINGERPRINTS["${variant_key}"]="$(printf '%s\n' "${variant_digests[@]}" | sort | sha256sum | awk '{print $1}')"
+		fingerprints_json="$(jq -c --arg k "${variant_key}" --arg v "${VARIANT_FINGERPRINTS["${variant_key}"]}" '. + {($k): $v}' <<<"${fingerprints_json}")"
+	done
+	for image in "${!DIGEST_CACHE[@]}"; do
+		all_digests+=("${image}@${DIGEST_CACHE["${image}"]}")
+	done
+	local BASE_FINGERPRINT
+	BASE_FINGERPRINT="$(printf '%s\n' "${all_digests[@]}" | sort | sha256sum | awk '{print $1}')"
+	write_output "base_fingerprint=${BASE_FINGERPRINT}"
+	write_output "base_fingerprints=${fingerprints_json}"
+
+	if [[ "${GITHUB_EVENT_NAME:-}" != "schedule" ]]; then
+		write_output "skip=false"
+		return 0
+	fi
+
+	# Only rebuild the variants whose base images changed since the last push. The
+	# fingerprint label is read from the versioned builder tag; images built before the
+	# per-variant split carry the legacy all-variants fingerprint, so accept it too.
+	local version_no_prefix="${FRANKENPHP_LATEST_TAG#v}"
+	local rebuild_variants=() php_full php_minor os builder_tag existing
+	for variant_key in "${!VARIANT_FINGERPRINTS[@]}"; do
+		php_full="${variant_key%-*}"
+		php_minor="${php_full%.*}"
+		os="${variant_key##*-}"
+		builder_tag="${version_no_prefix}-builder-php${php_minor}-${os}"
+		existing="$(get_existing_fingerprint "${builder_tag}")"
+		if [[ -n "${existing}" ]] &&
+			{ [[ "${existing}" == "${VARIANT_FINGERPRINTS["${variant_key}"]}" ]] || [[ "${existing}" == "${BASE_FINGERPRINT}" ]]; }; then
+			continue
+		fi
+		rebuild_variants+=("${VARIANT_NAMES["${variant_key}"]}")
+	done
+
+	if [[ ${#rebuild_variants[@]} -eq 0 ]]; then
+		write_output "rebuild_variants=[]"
+		write_output "skip=true"
+		return 0
+	fi
+
+	write_output "rebuild_variants=$(printf '%s\n' "${rebuild_variants[@]}" | sort -u | jq -R . | jq -cs .)"
+	write_output "skip=false"
+}
 
-write_output "ref=${FRANKENPHP_LATEST_TAG}"
-write_output "skip=false"
+main "$@"
diff --git a/.github/workflows/docker.yaml b/.github/workflows/docker.yaml
index 28eb9b0a59..98709e343d 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/docker.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/docker.yaml
@@ -50,7 +50,12 @@ jobs:
       php85_version: ${{ steps.check.outputs.php85_version }}
       skip: ${{ steps.check.outputs.skip }}
       ref: ${{ steps.check.outputs.ref || (github.ref_type == 'tag' && github.ref_name) || (github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && inputs.version) || '' }}
+      sha: ${{ steps.check.outputs.sha }}
+      source_date_epoch: ${{ steps.check.outputs.source_date_epoch }}
+      created: ${{ steps.check.outputs.created }}
       base_fingerprint: ${{ steps.check.outputs.base_fingerprint }}
+      base_fingerprints: ${{ steps.check.outputs.base_fingerprints }}
+      rebuild_variants: ${{ steps.check.outputs.rebuild_variants }}
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
         with:
@@ -58,7 +63,13 @@ jobs:
           persist-credentials: false
       - name: Set up Docker Buildx
         uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@bb05f3f5519dd87d3ba754cc423b652a5edd6d2c # v4.2.0
-      - name: Check PHP versions and base image fingerprint
+      - name: Login to DockerHub
+        uses: docker/login-action@af1e73f918a031802d376d3c8bbc3fe56130a9b0 # v4.4.0
+        if: github.event_name != 'pull_request' || github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name == github.repository
+        with:
+          username: ${{ vars.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}
+          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN }} # zizmor: ignore[secrets-outside-env] TODO: drop once super-linter ships zizmor >=1.24.0, then the allowlist in zizmor.yaml takes over
+      - name: Check PHP versions and base image fingerprints
         id: check
         env:
           GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
@@ -70,15 +81,21 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           set -e
           METADATA="$(docker buildx bake --print | jq -c)"
+          variants="$(jq -c '.group.default.targets|map(sub("runner-|builder-"; ""))|unique' <<< "${METADATA}")"
+          # On scheduled rebuilds, only build the variants whose base images changed
+          if [[ -n "${REBUILD_VARIANTS}" && "${REBUILD_VARIANTS}" != "[]" ]]; then
+            variants="$(jq -c --argjson rebuild "${REBUILD_VARIANTS}" 'map(select(. as $v | $rebuild | index($v)))' <<< "${variants}")"
+          fi
           {
             echo metadata="${METADATA}"
-            echo variants="$(jq -c '.group.default.targets|map(sub("runner-|builder-"; ""))|unique' <<< "${METADATA}")"
+            echo variants="${variants}"
             echo platforms="$(jq -c 'first(.target[]) | .platforms' <<< "${METADATA}")"
           } >> "${GITHUB_OUTPUT}"
         env:
           SHA: ${{ github.sha }}
           VERSION: ${{ (github.ref_type == 'tag' && github.ref_name) || steps.check.outputs.ref || 'dev' }}
           PHP_VERSION: ${{ steps.check.outputs.php_version }}
+          REBUILD_VARIANTS: ${{ steps.check.outputs.rebuild_variants }}
   build:
     runs-on: ${{ startsWith(matrix.platform, 'linux/arm') && 'ubuntu-24.04-arm' || 'ubuntu-24.04' }}
     needs:
@@ -142,21 +159,26 @@ jobs:
             builder-${{ matrix.variant }}
             runner-${{ matrix.variant }}
           # Remove tags to prevent "can't push tagged ref [...] by digest" error
+          # Provenance attestations embed build timestamps, which would prevent reproducible images
           set: |
             *.tags=
             *.platform=${{ matrix.platform }}
+            *.attest=type=provenance,disabled=true
             ${{ fromJson(needs.prepare.outputs.push) && '' || format('builder-{0}.cache-from=type=gha,scope=builder-{0}-{1}-{2}', matrix.variant, needs.prepare.outputs.ref || github.ref, matrix.platform) }}
             ${{ fromJson(needs.prepare.outputs.push) && '' || format('builder-{0}.cache-from=type=gha,scope=refs/heads/main-builder-{0}-{1}', matrix.variant, matrix.platform) }}
             ${{ fromJson(needs.prepare.outputs.push) && '' || format('builder-{0}.cache-to=type=gha,scope=builder-{0}-{1}-{2},ignore-error=true', matrix.variant, needs.prepare.outputs.ref || github.ref, matrix.platform) }}
             ${{ fromJson(needs.prepare.outputs.push) && '' || format('runner-{0}.cache-from=type=gha,scope=runner-{0}-{1}-{2}', matrix.variant, needs.prepare.outputs.ref || github.ref, matrix.platform) }}
             ${{ fromJson(needs.prepare.outputs.push) && '' || format('runner-{0}.cache-from=type=gha,scope=refs/heads/main-runner-{0}-{1}', matrix.variant, matrix.platform) }}
             ${{ fromJson(needs.prepare.outputs.push) && '' || format('runner-{0}.cache-to=type=gha,scope=runner-{0}-{1}-{2},ignore-error=true', matrix.variant, needs.prepare.outputs.ref || github.ref, matrix.platform) }}
-            ${{ fromJson(needs.prepare.outputs.push) && format('*.output=type=image,name={0},push-by-digest=true,name-canonical=true,push=true', env.IMAGE_NAME) || '' }}
+            ${{ fromJson(needs.prepare.outputs.push) && format('*.output=type=image,name={0},push-by-digest=true,name-canonical=true,push=true,rewrite-timestamp=true', env.IMAGE_NAME) || '' }}
         env:
-          SHA: ${{ github.sha }}
+          SHA: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.sha || github.sha }}
           VERSION: ${{ (github.ref_type == 'tag' && github.ref_name) || needs.prepare.outputs.ref || 'dev' }}
           PHP_VERSION: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.php_version }}
           BASE_FINGERPRINT: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.base_fingerprint }}
+          BASE_FINGERPRINTS: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.base_fingerprints }}
+          CREATED: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.created }}
+          SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.source_date_epoch }}
           GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
       - # Workaround for https://github.com/actions/runner/pull/2477#issuecomment-1501003600
         name: Export metadata
diff --git a/Dockerfile b/Dockerfile
index 3465e83eab..6697209d38 100644
--- a/Dockerfile
+++ b/Dockerfile
@@ -12,7 +12,8 @@ RUN apt-get update && \
 		libcap2-bin \
 	&& \
 	apt-get clean && \
-	rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+	# Remove files with non-deterministic content (embedded timestamps and mtimes) to keep image digests reproducible
+	rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* /var/log/apt /var/log/dpkg.log /var/log/alternatives.log /var/cache/ldconfig/aux-cache
 
 RUN set -eux; \
 	mkdir -p \
@@ -139,7 +140,9 @@ COPY --from=builder /usr/local/lib/libwatcher* /usr/local/lib/
 # fix for the file watcher on arm
 RUN apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends libstdc++6 && \
 	apt-get clean && \
-	ldconfig
+	ldconfig && \
+	# Remove files with non-deterministic content (embedded timestamps and mtimes) to keep image digests reproducible
+	rm -rf /var/log/apt /var/log/dpkg.log /var/log/alternatives.log /var/cache/ldconfig/aux-cache
 
 COPY --from=builder /usr/local/bin/frankenphp /usr/local/bin/frankenphp
 RUN setcap cap_net_bind_service=+ep /usr/local/bin/frankenphp && \
diff --git a/docker-bake.hcl b/docker-bake.hcl
index 0d7cc1656f..7826903d16 100644
--- a/docker-bake.hcl
+++ b/docker-bake.hcl
@@ -18,6 +18,17 @@ variable "BASE_FINGERPRINT" {
     default = ""
 }
 
+# JSON map of "<php-version>-<os>" (e.g. "8.4.23-trixie") to the fingerprint of this variant's base images
+variable "BASE_FINGERPRINTS" {
+    default = "{}"
+}
+
+# RFC 3339 date used for the org.opencontainers.image.created label, defaults to the build time.
+# Set it to the commit date to keep image digests reproducible.
+variable "CREATED" {
+    default = ""
+}
+
 variable "SPC_OPT_BUILD_ARGS" {
     default = ""
 }
@@ -120,12 +131,19 @@ target "default" {
             VERSION == "dev" ? [] : [for v in semver(VERSION) : tag(v, os, pv, tgt)]
         ])
     ]))
-    labels = {
-        "org.opencontainers.image.created" = "${timestamp()}"
-        "org.opencontainers.image.version" = VERSION
-        "org.opencontainers.image.revision" = SHA
-        "dev.frankenphp.base.fingerprint" = BASE_FINGERPRINT
-    }
+    labels = merge(
+        {
+            "org.opencontainers.image.created" = CREATED != "" ? CREATED : timestamp()
+            "org.opencontainers.image.version" = VERSION
+            "org.opencontainers.image.revision" = SHA
+        },
+        # The base image fingerprint is only stored on builder images: both targets are always
+        # built and pushed together, and keeping it out of runner images makes their digests
+        # depend on their actual content only (a fingerprint change alone won't move them)
+        tgt == "builder" ? {
+            "dev.frankenphp.base.fingerprint" = contains(keys(jsondecode(BASE_FINGERPRINTS)), "${php-version}-${os}") ? jsondecode(BASE_FINGERPRINTS)["${php-version}-${os}"] : BASE_FINGERPRINT
+        } : {}
+    )
     args = {
         FRANKENPHP_VERSION = VERSION
     }
@@ -148,7 +166,7 @@ target "static-builder-musl" {
         VERSION == "dev" ? [] : [for v in semver(VERSION) : "${IMAGE_NAME}:static-builder-musl-${v}"]
     ]))
     labels = {
-        "org.opencontainers.image.created" = "${timestamp()}"
+        "org.opencontainers.image.created" = CREATED != "" ? CREATED : timestamp()
         "org.opencontainers.image.version" = VERSION
         "org.opencontainers.image.revision" = SHA
         "dev.frankenphp.base.fingerprint" = BASE_FINGERPRINT
@@ -174,7 +192,7 @@ target "static-builder-gnu" {
         VERSION == "dev" ? [] : [for v in semver(VERSION) : "${IMAGE_NAME}:static-builder-gnu-${v}"]
     ]))
     labels = {
-        "org.opencontainers.image.created" = "${timestamp()}"
+        "org.opencontainers.image.created" = CREATED != "" ? CREATED : timestamp()
         "org.opencontainers.image.version" = VERSION
         "org.opencontainers.image.revision" = SHA
         "dev.frankenphp.base.fingerprint" = BASE_FINGERPRINT