diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/signatures.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/signatures.ipp
index ac58decfd..68bfe3534 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/signatures.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/signatures.ipp
@@ -26,25 +26,29 @@ namespace libbitcoin {
 namespace database {
 
 TEMPLATE
-bool CLASS::verify_ecdsa_signatures(header_links& links) NOEXCEPT
+bool CLASS::verify_ecdsa_signatures(const stopper& cancel,
+    header_links& links) NOEXCEPT
 {
+    // False return only implies canceled.
     using batch = system::ecdsa::batch;
     const auto count = store_.ecdsa.count().value;
     const auto ptr = store_.ecdsa.get_memory();
     const auto rows = system::pointer_cast<const batch>(ptr->data());
-    links = batch::verify({ rows, count }, store_.turbo());
-    return true;
+    links = batch::verify(cancel, { rows, count });
+    return !cancel;
 }
 
 TEMPLATE
-bool CLASS::verify_schnorr_signatures(header_links& links) NOEXCEPT
+bool CLASS::verify_schnorr_signatures(const stopper& cancel,
+    header_links& links) NOEXCEPT
 {
+    // False return only implies canceled.
     using batch = system::schnorr::batch;
     const auto count = store_.schnorr.count().value;
     const auto ptr = store_.schnorr.get_memory();
     const auto rows = system::pointer_cast<const batch>(ptr->data());
-    links = batch::verify({ rows, count }, store_.turbo());
-    return true;
+    links = batch::verify(cancel, { rows, count });
+    return !cancel;
 }
 
 // setters
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/query.hpp b/include/bitcoin/database/query.hpp
index 3a6ddd1c4..c9aab7c87 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/query.hpp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/query.hpp
@@ -585,8 +585,8 @@ class query
     /// Signature verification.
     bool purge_ecdsa_signatures() NOEXCEPT;
     bool purge_schnorr_signatures() NOEXCEPT;
-    bool verify_ecdsa_signatures(header_links&) NOEXCEPT;
-    bool verify_schnorr_signatures(header_links&) NOEXCEPT;
+    bool verify_ecdsa_signatures(const stopper& cancel,header_links&) NOEXCEPT;
+    bool verify_schnorr_signatures(const stopper& cancel, header_links&) NOEXCEPT;
 
     /// Confirmation.
     /// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/types/type.hpp b/include/bitcoin/database/types/type.hpp
index 8e0afb6a1..def8a2dc3 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/types/type.hpp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/types/type.hpp
@@ -58,7 +58,6 @@ using index = table::transaction::ix::integer;
 /// Common std aliases.
 /// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-using stopper = std::atomic_bool;
 using hash_option = std::optional<hash_digest>;
 
 /// Common system aliases.
diff --git a/test/query/signatures.cpp b/test/query/signatures.cpp
index fd1bc21bb..e1b752f17 100644
--- a/test/query/signatures.cpp
+++ b/test/query/signatures.cpp
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(query__verify_ecdsa_signatures__empty__empty)
 
     header_links links{};
     BOOST_REQUIRE_EQUAL(query.ecdsa_records(), 0u);
-    BOOST_REQUIRE(query.verify_ecdsa_signatures(links));
+    BOOST_REQUIRE(query.verify_ecdsa_signatures({}, links));
     BOOST_REQUIRE(links.empty());
 }
 
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(query__verify_ecdsa_signatures__one_valid__empty)
 
     header_links links{};
     BOOST_REQUIRE_EQUAL(query.ecdsa_records(), 1u);
-    BOOST_REQUIRE(query.verify_ecdsa_signatures(links));
+    BOOST_REQUIRE(query.verify_ecdsa_signatures({}, links));
     BOOST_REQUIRE(links.empty());
 }
 
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(query__verify_ecdsa_signatures__one_invalid__expected_link)
 
     header_links links{};
     BOOST_REQUIRE_EQUAL(query.ecdsa_records(), 1u);
-    BOOST_REQUIRE(query.verify_ecdsa_signatures(links));
+    BOOST_REQUIRE(query.verify_ecdsa_signatures({}, links));
     BOOST_REQUIRE_EQUAL(links.size(), 1u);
     BOOST_REQUIRE_EQUAL(links.front(), expected);
 }
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(query__verify_ecdsa_signatures__various__expected_links)
 
     header_links links{};
     BOOST_REQUIRE_EQUAL(query.ecdsa_records(), 8u);
-    BOOST_REQUIRE(query.verify_ecdsa_signatures(links));
+    BOOST_REQUIRE(query.verify_ecdsa_signatures({}, links));
     BOOST_REQUIRE_EQUAL(links.size(), 2u);
 
     // Order is not guaranteed.
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(query__verify_schnorr_signatures__empty__empty)
 
     header_links links{};
     BOOST_REQUIRE_EQUAL(query.schnorr_records(), 0u);
-    BOOST_REQUIRE(query.verify_schnorr_signatures(links));
+    BOOST_REQUIRE(query.verify_schnorr_signatures({}, links));
     BOOST_REQUIRE(links.empty());
 }
 
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(query__verify_schnorr_signatures__one_valid__empty)
 
     header_links links{};
     BOOST_REQUIRE_EQUAL(query.schnorr_records(), 1u);
-    BOOST_REQUIRE(query.verify_schnorr_signatures(links));
+    BOOST_REQUIRE(query.verify_schnorr_signatures({}, links));
     BOOST_REQUIRE(links.empty());
 }
 
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(query__verify_schnorr_signatures__one_invalid__expected_lin
 
     header_links links{};
     BOOST_REQUIRE_EQUAL(query.schnorr_records(), 1u);
-    BOOST_REQUIRE(query.verify_schnorr_signatures(links));
+    BOOST_REQUIRE(query.verify_schnorr_signatures({}, links));
     BOOST_REQUIRE_EQUAL(links.size(), 1u);
     BOOST_REQUIRE_EQUAL(links.front(), expected);
 }
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(query__verify_schnorr_signatures__various__expected_links)
 
     header_links links{};
     BOOST_REQUIRE_EQUAL(query.schnorr_records(), 8u);
-    BOOST_REQUIRE(query.verify_schnorr_signatures(links));
+    BOOST_REQUIRE(query.verify_schnorr_signatures({}, links));
     BOOST_REQUIRE_EQUAL(links.size(), 2u);
 
     // Order is not guaranteed.