From 7af1fc7600d8b8838012b551b48bf9e29d170c24 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Vladislav Perevezentsev <vladislav.perevezentsev@intel.com>
Date: Wed, 12 Aug 2026 03:57:16 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 01/10] Enable free-threaded CPython support

---
 mkl_random/mklrand.pyx | 1 +
 pyproject.toml         | 3 ++-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/mkl_random/mklrand.pyx b/mkl_random/mklrand.pyx
index edbcd400..215ae25d 100644
--- a/mkl_random/mklrand.pyx
+++ b/mkl_random/mklrand.pyx
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 # OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 
 # cython: language_level=3
+# cython: freethreading_compatible=True
 
 cdef extern from "Python.h":
     void* PyMem_Malloc(size_t n)
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index c841c9a3..983c3601 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ build-backend = "mesonpy"
 requires = [
   "meson-python>=0.16.0",
   "ninja",
-  "Cython",
+  "Cython>=3.1.0",
   "numpy",
   "mkl-devel",
   "cmake"
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ classifiers = [
   "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
   "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13",
   "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.14",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: Free Threading :: 2 - Beta",
   "Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython",
   "Topic :: Software Development",
   "Topic :: Scientific/Engineering",

From ac81826eebc16006d03a7f64f8c0fa858b90d8dc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Vladislav Perevezentsev <vladislav.perevezentsev@intel.com>
Date: Wed, 12 Aug 2026 03:58:02 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 02/10] Update conda recipes for free-threaded builds

---
 conda-recipe-cf/meta.yaml | 4 +---
 conda-recipe/meta.yaml    | 4 +---
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/conda-recipe-cf/meta.yaml b/conda-recipe-cf/meta.yaml
index c1dcd498..96b019f5 100644
--- a/conda-recipe-cf/meta.yaml
+++ b/conda-recipe-cf/meta.yaml
@@ -21,15 +21,13 @@ requirements:
       - cmake
       - ninja
       - python
-      - python-gil     # [py>=314]
       - mkl-devel
-      - cython
+      - cython >=3.1.0
       - numpy
       - pip
       - wheel  >=0.41.3
     run:
       - python
-      - python-gil     # [py>=314]
       - {{ pin_compatible('numpy', min_pin="x.x", max_pin="x") }}
       - {{ pin_compatible('mkl', min_pin="x.x", max_pin="x") }}
 
diff --git a/conda-recipe/meta.yaml b/conda-recipe/meta.yaml
index dbdedbbe..03d03ca0 100644
--- a/conda-recipe/meta.yaml
+++ b/conda-recipe/meta.yaml
@@ -24,15 +24,13 @@ requirements:
       - cmake
       - ninja
       - python
-      - python-gil     # [py>=314]
       - mkl-devel
-      - cython
+      - cython >=3.1.0
       - numpy
       - pip
       - wheel  >=0.41.3
     run:
       - python
-      - python-gil     # [py>=314]
       - {{ pin_compatible('mkl', min_pin="x.x", max_pin="x") }}
       - numpy >=1.26.4
 

From dd3c9c99756bfb25b435cc1a043ee0ff5e3a8ee1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Vladislav Perevezentsev <vladislav.perevezentsev@intel.com>
Date: Wed, 12 Aug 2026 04:13:05 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 03/10] Extend GH workflow matrices with free-threaded Python
 3.14t

---
 .github/workflows/build-with-clang.yml        |  4 +-
 .../workflows/build-with-standard-clang.yml   |  4 +-
 .github/workflows/build_pip.yml               | 19 +++-
 .github/workflows/conda-package-cf.yml        | 90 +++++++++++++------
 .github/workflows/conda-package.yml           | 74 ++++++++++-----
 5 files changed, 137 insertions(+), 54 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/build-with-clang.yml b/.github/workflows/build-with-clang.yml
index 45137e15..c3a58aca 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build-with-clang.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build-with-clang.yml
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ jobs:
 
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"]
+        python: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14", "3.14t"]
         numpy_version: ["'numpy>=2'"]
     env:
       ONEAPI_ROOT: /opt/intel/oneapi
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Install mkl_random dependencies
         run: |
-          pip install meson-python ninja cython cmake
+          pip install meson-python ninja "cython>=3.1.0" cmake
           pip install ${{ matrix.numpy_version }}
 
       - name: List oneAPI folder content
diff --git a/.github/workflows/build-with-standard-clang.yml b/.github/workflows/build-with-standard-clang.yml
index 97c1d48b..39b59501 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build-with-standard-clang.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build-with-standard-clang.yml
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ jobs:
 
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"]
+        python: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14", "3.14t"]
         numpy_version: ["'numpy>=2'"]
 
     env:
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Install mkl_random dependencies
         run: |
-          pip install meson-python ninja cmake cython mkl-devel
+          pip install meson-python ninja cmake "cython>=3.1.0" mkl-devel
           pip install ${{ matrix.numpy_version }}
 
       - name: Build mkl_random
diff --git a/.github/workflows/build_pip.yml b/.github/workflows/build_pip.yml
index 798b1ff7..43062e4d 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build_pip.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build_pip.yml
@@ -17,8 +17,21 @@ jobs:
 
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"]
+        python: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13"]
         use_pre: ["", "--pre"]
+        include:
+          - python: "3.14"
+            python_spec: "3.14.* *_cp314"
+            use_pre: ""
+          - python: "3.14"
+            python_spec: "3.14.* *_cp314"
+            use_pre: "--pre"
+          - python: "3.14"
+            python_spec: "3.14.* *_cp314t"
+            use_pre: ""
+          - python: "3.14"
+            python_spec: "3.14.* *_cp314t"
+            use_pre: "--pre"
 
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
@@ -34,11 +47,11 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Install MKL
         run: |
-          conda install mkl-devel
+          conda install mkl-devel "python=${{ matrix.python_spec || matrix.python }}"
 
       - name: Build with pip
         run: |
-          pip install --no-cache-dir meson-python ninja cmake cython
+          pip install --no-cache-dir meson-python ninja cmake "cython>=3.1.0"
           pip install --no-cache-dir numpy ${{ matrix.use_pre }}
           pip install -e . --no-build-isolation --no-deps --verbose
           pip install --no-cache-dir pytest
diff --git a/.github/workflows/conda-package-cf.yml b/.github/workflows/conda-package-cf.yml
index 0fb666eb..516e1b09 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/conda-package-cf.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/conda-package-cf.yml
@@ -30,6 +30,12 @@ jobs:
             numpy: "2.3"
           - python: "3.14"
             numpy: "2.3"
+            python_spec: "3.14.* *_cp314"
+            python_tag: "3.14"
+          - python: "3.14"
+            numpy: "2.3"
+            python_spec: "3.14.* *_cp314t"
+            python_tag: "3.14t"
 
     steps:
       - name: Cancel Previous Runs
@@ -52,9 +58,9 @@ jobs:
         with:
           path: ~/.conda/pkgs
           key:
-            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python }}-${{hashFiles('**/meta.yaml') }}
+            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python_tag || matrix.python }}-${{hashFiles('**/meta.yaml') }}
           restore-keys: |
-            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python }}-
+            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python_tag || matrix.python }}-
             ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-
 
       - name: Add conda to system path
@@ -66,7 +72,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Build conda package
         run: |
           CHANNELS=(-c conda-forge --override-channels)
-          VERSIONS=(--python "${{ matrix.python }}" --numpy "${{ matrix.numpy }}")
+          VERSIONS=(--python "${{ matrix.python_spec || matrix.python }}" --numpy "${{ matrix.numpy }}")
           TEST=(--no-test)
 
           conda build \
@@ -78,7 +84,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Upload artifact
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a # v7.0.1
         with:
-          name: ${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }} ${{ runner.os }} Python ${{ matrix.python }}
+          name: ${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }} ${{ runner.os }} Python ${{ matrix.python_tag || matrix.python }}
           path: /usr/share/miniconda/conda-bld/linux-64/${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }}-*.conda
 
   build_windows:
@@ -99,6 +105,12 @@ jobs:
             numpy: "2.3"
           - python: "3.14"
             numpy: "2.3"
+            python_spec: "3.14.* *_cp314"
+            python_tag: "3.14"
+          - python: "3.14"
+            numpy: "2.3"
+            python_spec: "3.14.* *_cp314t"
+            python_tag: "3.14t"
 
     env:
       conda-bld: C:\Miniconda\conda-bld\win-64\
@@ -127,9 +139,9 @@ jobs:
         with:
           path: /home/runner/conda_pkgs_dir
           key:
-            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python }}-${{hashFiles('**/meta.yaml') }}
+            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python_tag || matrix.python }}-${{hashFiles('**/meta.yaml') }}
           restore-keys: |
-            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python }}-
+            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python_tag || matrix.python }}-
             ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-
 
       - name: Store conda paths as envs
@@ -143,12 +155,12 @@ jobs:
           conda list -n base
 
       - name: Build conda package
-        run: conda build --no-test --python ${{ matrix.python }} --numpy ${{ matrix.numpy }} -c conda-forge --override-channels conda-recipe-cf
+        run: conda build --no-test --python "${{ matrix.python_spec || matrix.python }}" --numpy ${{ matrix.numpy }} -c conda-forge --override-channels conda-recipe-cf
 
       - name: Upload artifact
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a # v7.0.1
         with:
-          name: ${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }} ${{ runner.os }} Python ${{ matrix.python }}
+          name: ${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }} ${{ runner.os }} Python ${{ matrix.python_tag || matrix.python }}
           path: ${{ env.CONDA_BLD }}${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }}-*.conda
 
   test_linux:
@@ -168,6 +180,12 @@ jobs:
             numpy: "2.3"
           - python: "3.14"
             numpy: "2.3"
+            python_spec: "3.14.* *_cp314"
+            python_tag: "3.14"
+          - python: "3.14"
+            numpy: "2.3"
+            python_spec: "3.14.* *_cp314t"
+            python_tag: "3.14t"
 
     env:
       CHANNELS: -c conda-forge --override-channels
@@ -176,7 +194,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Download artifact
         uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
         with:
-          name: ${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }} ${{ runner.os }} Python ${{ matrix.python }}
+          name: ${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }} ${{ runner.os }} Python ${{ matrix.python_tag || matrix.python }}
 
       - name: Add conda to system path
         run: echo "$CONDA/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
@@ -199,7 +217,7 @@ jobs:
           . "$CONDA/etc/profile.d/conda.sh"
           PACKAGE_VERSION="$(python -c "${VER_SCRIPT1} ${VER_SCRIPT2}")"
           export PACKAGE_VERSION
-          conda create -n "${{ env.TEST_ENV_NAME }}" "${PACKAGE_NAME}=${PACKAGE_VERSION}" "python=${{ matrix.python }}" "numpy=${{ matrix.numpy }}" -c "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/channel" -c conda-forge --override-channels --only-deps --dry-run > lockfile
+          conda create -n "${{ env.TEST_ENV_NAME }}" "${PACKAGE_NAME}=${PACKAGE_VERSION}" "python=${{ matrix.python_spec || matrix.python }}" "numpy=${{ matrix.numpy }}" -c "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/channel" -c conda-forge --override-channels --only-deps --dry-run > lockfile
           cat lockfile
 
       - name: Set pkgs_dirs
@@ -213,9 +231,9 @@ jobs:
         with:
           path: ~/.conda/pkgs
           key:
-            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python }}-${{hashFiles('lockfile') }}
+            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python_tag || matrix.python }}-${{hashFiles('lockfile') }}
           restore-keys: |
-            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python }}-
+            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python_tag || matrix.python }}-
             ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-
 
       - name: Install mkl_random
@@ -223,7 +241,7 @@ jobs:
           . "$CONDA/etc/profile.d/conda.sh"
           PACKAGE_VERSION="$(python -c "${VER_SCRIPT1} ${VER_SCRIPT2}")"
           export PACKAGE_VERSION
-          conda create -n "${{ env.TEST_ENV_NAME }}" "${PACKAGE_NAME}=${PACKAGE_VERSION}" pytest "python=${{ matrix.python }}" "numpy=${{ matrix.numpy }}" -c "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/channel" -c conda-forge --override-channels
+          conda create -n "${{ env.TEST_ENV_NAME }}" "${PACKAGE_NAME}=${PACKAGE_VERSION}" pytest "python=${{ matrix.python_spec || matrix.python }}" "numpy=${{ matrix.numpy }}" -c "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/channel" -c conda-forge --override-channels
           # Test installed packages
           conda list
 
@@ -252,6 +270,12 @@ jobs:
             numpy: "2.3"
           - python: "3.14"
             numpy: "2.3"
+            python_spec: "3.14.* *_cp314"
+            python_tag: "3.14"
+          - python: "3.14"
+            numpy: "2.3"
+            python_spec: "3.14.* *_cp314t"
+            python_tag: "3.14t"
 
     env:
       CHANNELS: -c conda-forge --override-channels
@@ -260,7 +284,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Download artifact
         uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
         with:
-          name: ${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }} ${{ runner.os }} Python ${{ matrix.python }}
+          name: ${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }} ${{ runner.os }} Python ${{ matrix.python_tag || matrix.python }}
 
       - uses: conda-incubator/setup-miniconda@8ee1f361103df19b6f8c8655fd3967a8ecb162d5 # v4.0.1
         with:
@@ -292,7 +316,7 @@ jobs:
           FOR /F "tokens=* USEBACKQ" %%F IN (`python -c "%SCRIPT%"`) DO (
              SET PACKAGE_VERSION=%%F
           )
-          conda install -n ${{ env.TEST_ENV_NAME }} ${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }}=%PACKAGE_VERSION% python=${{ matrix.python }} numpy=${{ matrix.numpy }} -c ${{ env.GITHUB_WORKSPACE }}/channel ${{ env.CHANNELS }} --only-deps --dry-run > lockfile
+          conda install -n ${{ env.TEST_ENV_NAME }} ${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }}=%PACKAGE_VERSION% "python=${{ matrix.python_spec || matrix.python }}" numpy=${{ matrix.numpy }} -c ${{ env.GITHUB_WORKSPACE }}/channel ${{ env.CHANNELS }} --only-deps --dry-run > lockfile
 
       - name: Cache conda packages
         uses: actions/cache@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9 # v6.1.0
@@ -301,9 +325,9 @@ jobs:
         with:
           path: /home/runner/conda_pkgs_dir
           key:
-            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python }}-${{hashFiles('lockfile') }}
+            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python_tag || matrix.python }}-${{hashFiles('lockfile') }}
           restore-keys: |
-            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python }}-
+            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python_tag || matrix.python }}-
             ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-
 
       - name: Install mkl_random
@@ -315,7 +339,7 @@ jobs:
           FOR /F "tokens=* USEBACKQ" %%F IN (`python -c "%SCRIPT%"`) DO (
              SET PACKAGE_VERSION=%%F
           )
-          conda create -n ${{ env.TEST_ENV_NAME }} ${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }}=%PACKAGE_VERSION% pytest python=${{ matrix.python }} numpy=${{ matrix.numpy }} -c ${{ env.GITHUB_WORKSPACE }}/channel ${{ env.CHANNELS }}
+          conda create -n ${{ env.TEST_ENV_NAME }} ${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }}=%PACKAGE_VERSION% pytest "python=${{ matrix.python_spec || matrix.python }}" numpy=${{ matrix.numpy }} -c ${{ env.GITHUB_WORKSPACE }}/channel ${{ env.CHANNELS }}
           # Test installed packages
           conda list
 
@@ -339,6 +363,12 @@ jobs:
             numpy: "2.3"
           - python: "3.14"
             numpy: "2.3"
+            python_spec: "3.14.* *_cp314"
+            python_tag: "3.14"
+          - python: "3.14"
+            numpy: "2.3"
+            python_spec: "3.14.* *_cp314t"
+            python_tag: "3.14t"
 
     steps:
       - name: Cancel Previous Runs
@@ -364,9 +394,9 @@ jobs:
         with:
           path: /Users/runner/conda_pkgs_dir
           key:
-            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python }}-${{hashFiles('**/meta.yaml') }}
+            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python_tag || matrix.python }}-${{hashFiles('**/meta.yaml') }}
           restore-keys: |
-            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python }}-
+            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python_tag || matrix.python }}-
             ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-
 
       - name: Install conda-build
@@ -384,7 +414,7 @@ jobs:
         shell: bash -el {0}
         run: |
           CHANNELS=(-c conda-forge --override-channels)
-          VERSIONS=(--python "${{ matrix.python }}" --numpy "${{ matrix.numpy }}")
+          VERSIONS=(--python "${{ matrix.python_spec || matrix.python }}" --numpy "${{ matrix.numpy }}")
           TEST=(--no-test)
 
           conda build \
@@ -396,7 +426,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Upload artifact
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a # v7.0.1
         with:
-          name: ${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }} ${{ runner.os }} Python ${{ matrix.python }}
+          name: ${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }} ${{ runner.os }} Python ${{ matrix.python_tag || matrix.python }}
           path: ${{ env.CONDA_BLD }}${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }}-*.conda
 
   test_osx:
@@ -415,12 +445,18 @@ jobs:
             numpy: "2.3"
           - python: "3.14"
             numpy: "2.3"
+            python_spec: "3.14.* *_cp314"
+            python_tag: "3.14"
+          - python: "3.14"
+            numpy: "2.3"
+            python_spec: "3.14.* *_cp314t"
+            python_tag: "3.14t"
 
     steps:
       - name: Download artifact
         uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
         with:
-          name: ${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }} ${{ runner.os }} Python ${{ matrix.python }}
+          name: ${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }} ${{ runner.os }} Python ${{ matrix.python_tag || matrix.python }}
 
       - uses: conda-incubator/setup-miniconda@8ee1f361103df19b6f8c8655fd3967a8ecb162d5 # v4.0.1
         with:
@@ -448,7 +484,7 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           PACKAGE_VERSION="$(python -c "${VER_SCRIPT1} ${VER_SCRIPT2}")"
           export PACKAGE_VERSION
-          conda create -n "${{ env.TEST_ENV_NAME }}" "${PACKAGE_NAME}=${PACKAGE_VERSION}" "python=${{ matrix.python }}" "numpy=${{ matrix.numpy }}" -c "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/channel" -c conda-forge --override-channels --only-deps --dry-run > lockfile
+          conda create -n "${{ env.TEST_ENV_NAME }}" "${PACKAGE_NAME}=${PACKAGE_VERSION}" "python=${{ matrix.python_spec || matrix.python }}" "numpy=${{ matrix.numpy }}" -c "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/channel" -c conda-forge --override-channels --only-deps --dry-run > lockfile
           cat lockfile
 
       - name: Cache conda packages
@@ -458,9 +494,9 @@ jobs:
         with:
           path: /Users/runner/conda_pkgs_dir
           key:
-            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python }}-${{hashFiles('lockfile') }}
+            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python_tag || matrix.python }}-${{hashFiles('lockfile') }}
           restore-keys: |
-            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python }}-
+            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python_tag || matrix.python }}-
             ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-
 
       - name: Install mkl_random
@@ -468,7 +504,7 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           PACKAGE_VERSION="$(python -c "${VER_SCRIPT1} ${VER_SCRIPT2}")"
           export PACKAGE_VERSION
-          conda create -n "${{ env.TEST_ENV_NAME }}" "${PACKAGE_NAME}=${PACKAGE_VERSION}" pytest "python=${{ matrix.python }}" "numpy=${{ matrix.numpy }}" -c "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/channel" -c conda-forge --override-channels
+          conda create -n "${{ env.TEST_ENV_NAME }}" "${PACKAGE_NAME}=${PACKAGE_VERSION}" pytest "python=${{ matrix.python_spec || matrix.python }}" "numpy=${{ matrix.numpy }}" -c "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/channel" -c conda-forge --override-channels
           # Test installed packages
           conda list -n "${{ env.TEST_ENV_NAME }}"
 
diff --git a/.github/workflows/conda-package.yml b/.github/workflows/conda-package.yml
index a9333f6c..cef4892a 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/conda-package.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/conda-package.yml
@@ -32,6 +32,12 @@ jobs:
             numpy: "2.3"
           - python: "3.14"
             numpy: "2.3"
+            python_spec: "3.14.* *_cp314"
+            python_tag: "3.14"
+          - python: "3.14"
+            numpy: "2.3"
+            python_spec: "3.14.* *_cp314t"
+            python_tag: "3.14t"
 
     steps:
       - name: Cancel Previous Runs
@@ -54,9 +60,9 @@ jobs:
         with:
           path: ~/.conda/pkgs
           key:
-            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python }}-${{hashFiles('**/meta.yaml') }}
+            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python_tag || matrix.python }}-${{hashFiles('**/meta.yaml') }}
           restore-keys: |
-            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python }}-
+            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python_tag || matrix.python }}-
             ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-
 
       - name: Add conda to system path
@@ -85,7 +91,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Build conda package
         run: |
           CHANNELS=(-c https://software.repos.intel.com/python/conda -c conda-forge --override-channels)
-          VERSIONS=(--python "${{ matrix.python }}" --numpy "${{ matrix.numpy }}")
+          VERSIONS=(--python "${{ matrix.python_spec || matrix.python }}" --numpy "${{ matrix.numpy }}")
           TEST=(--no-test)
 
           conda build \
@@ -97,7 +103,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Upload artifact
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a # v7.0.1
         with:
-          name: ${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }} ${{ runner.os }} Python ${{ matrix.python }}
+          name: ${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }} ${{ runner.os }} Python ${{ matrix.python_tag || matrix.python }}
           path: ${{ env.CONDA_BLD }}${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }}-*.conda
 
   build_windows:
@@ -118,6 +124,12 @@ jobs:
             numpy: "2.3"
           - python: "3.14"
             numpy: "2.3"
+            python_spec: "3.14.* *_cp314"
+            python_tag: "3.14"
+          - python: "3.14"
+            numpy: "2.3"
+            python_spec: "3.14.* *_cp314t"
+            python_tag: "3.14t"
 
     steps:
       - name: Cancel Previous Runs
@@ -145,9 +157,9 @@ jobs:
         with:
           path: /home/runner/conda_pkgs_dir
           key:
-            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python }}-${{hashFiles('**/meta.yaml') }}
+            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python_tag || matrix.python }}-${{hashFiles('**/meta.yaml') }}
           restore-keys: |
-            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python }}-
+            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python_tag || matrix.python }}-
             ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-
 
       - name: Store conda paths as envs
@@ -164,12 +176,12 @@ jobs:
           conda list -n base
 
       - name: Build conda package
-        run: conda build --no-test --python "${{ matrix.python }}" --numpy "${{ matrix.numpy }}" -c https://software.repos.intel.com/python/conda -c conda-forge --override-channels conda-recipe
+        run: conda build --no-test --python "${{ matrix.python_spec || matrix.python }}" --numpy "${{ matrix.numpy }}" -c https://software.repos.intel.com/python/conda -c conda-forge --override-channels conda-recipe
 
       - name: Upload artifact
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a # v7.0.1
         with:
-          name: ${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }} ${{ runner.os }} Python ${{ matrix.python }}
+          name: ${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }} ${{ runner.os }} Python ${{ matrix.python_tag || matrix.python }}
           path: ${{ env.CONDA_BLD }}${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }}-*.conda
 
   test_linux:
@@ -178,9 +190,20 @@ jobs:
 
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"]
+        python: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13"]
         numpy: ['numpy">=2"']
         experimental: [false]
+        include:
+          - python: "3.14"
+            python_spec: "3.14.* *_cp314"
+            python_tag: "3.14"
+            numpy: 'numpy">=2"'
+            experimental: false
+          - python: "3.14"
+            python_spec: "3.14.* *_cp314t"
+            python_tag: "3.14t"
+            numpy: 'numpy">=2"'
+            experimental: false
 
     env:
       CHANNELS: -c https://software.repos.intel.com/python/conda -c conda-forge --override-channels
@@ -189,7 +212,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Download artifact
         uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
         with:
-          name: ${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }} ${{ runner.os }} Python ${{ matrix.python }}
+          name: ${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }} ${{ runner.os }} Python ${{ matrix.python_tag || matrix.python }}
 
       - name: Add conda to system path
         run: echo "$CONDA/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
@@ -225,7 +248,7 @@ jobs:
           . "$CONDA/etc/profile.d/conda.sh"
           PACKAGE_VERSION="$(python -c "${VER_SCRIPT1} ${VER_SCRIPT2}")"
           export PACKAGE_VERSION
-          conda create -n "${{ env.TEST_ENV_NAME }}" "${PACKAGE_NAME}=${PACKAGE_VERSION}" "python=${{ matrix.python }}" ${{ matrix.numpy }} -c "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/channel" -c https://software.repos.intel.com/python/conda -c conda-forge --override-channels --only-deps --dry-run > lockfile
+          conda create -n "${{ env.TEST_ENV_NAME }}" "${PACKAGE_NAME}=${PACKAGE_VERSION}" "python=${{ matrix.python_spec || matrix.python }}" ${{ matrix.numpy }} -c "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/channel" -c https://software.repos.intel.com/python/conda -c conda-forge --override-channels --only-deps --dry-run > lockfile
           cat lockfile
 
       - name: Set pkgs_dirs
@@ -239,9 +262,9 @@ jobs:
         with:
           path: ~/.conda/pkgs
           key:
-            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python }}-${{hashFiles('lockfile') }}
+            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python_tag || matrix.python }}-${{hashFiles('lockfile') }}
           restore-keys: |
-            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python }}-
+            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python_tag || matrix.python }}-
             ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-
 
       - name: Install mkl_random
@@ -249,7 +272,7 @@ jobs:
           . "$CONDA/etc/profile.d/conda.sh"
           PACKAGE_VERSION="$(python -c "${VER_SCRIPT1} ${VER_SCRIPT2}")"
           export PACKAGE_VERSION
-          conda create -n "${{ env.TEST_ENV_NAME }}" "${PACKAGE_NAME}=${PACKAGE_VERSION}" pytest "python=${{ matrix.python }}" ${{ matrix.numpy }} -c "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/channel" -c https://software.repos.intel.com/python/conda -c conda-forge --override-channels
+          conda create -n "${{ env.TEST_ENV_NAME }}" "${PACKAGE_NAME}=${PACKAGE_VERSION}" pytest "python=${{ matrix.python_spec || matrix.python }}" ${{ matrix.numpy }} -c "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/channel" -c https://software.repos.intel.com/python/conda -c conda-forge --override-channels
           conda activate "${{ env.TEST_ENV_NAME }}"
 
           # Test installed packages
@@ -267,9 +290,20 @@ jobs:
 
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"]
+        python: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13"]
         numpy: ['numpy">=2"']
         experimental: [false]
+        include:
+          - python: "3.14"
+            python_spec: "3.14.* *_cp314"
+            python_tag: "3.14"
+            numpy: 'numpy">=2"'
+            experimental: false
+          - python: "3.14"
+            python_spec: "3.14.* *_cp314t"
+            python_tag: "3.14t"
+            numpy: 'numpy">=2"'
+            experimental: false
 
     env:
       CHANNELS: -c https://software.repos.intel.com/python/conda -c conda-forge --override-channels
@@ -278,7 +312,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Download artifact
         uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
         with:
-          name: ${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }} ${{ runner.os }} Python ${{ matrix.python }}
+          name: ${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }} ${{ runner.os }} Python ${{ matrix.python_tag || matrix.python }}
 
       - uses: conda-incubator/setup-miniconda@8ee1f361103df19b6f8c8655fd3967a8ecb162d5 # v4.0.1
         with:
@@ -330,7 +364,7 @@ jobs:
           FOR /F "tokens=* USEBACKQ" %%F IN (`python -c "%SCRIPT%"`) DO (
              SET PACKAGE_VERSION=%%F
           )
-          conda install -n ${{ env.TEST_ENV_NAME }} ${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }}=%PACKAGE_VERSION% python=${{ matrix.python }} ${{ matrix.numpy }} -c ${{ env.GITHUB_WORKSPACE }}/channel ${{ env.CHANNELS }} --only-deps --dry-run > lockfile
+          conda install -n ${{ env.TEST_ENV_NAME }} ${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }}=%PACKAGE_VERSION% "python=${{ matrix.python_spec || matrix.python }}" ${{ matrix.numpy }} -c ${{ env.GITHUB_WORKSPACE }}/channel ${{ env.CHANNELS }} --only-deps --dry-run > lockfile
 
       - name: Cache conda packages
         uses: actions/cache@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9 # v6.1.0
@@ -339,9 +373,9 @@ jobs:
         with:
           path: /home/runner/conda_pkgs_dir
           key:
-            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python }}-${{hashFiles('lockfile') }}
+            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python_tag || matrix.python }}-${{hashFiles('lockfile') }}
           restore-keys: |
-            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python }}-
+            ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-python-${{ matrix.python_tag || matrix.python }}-
             ${{ runner.os }}-conda-${{ env.CACHE_NUMBER }}-
 
         # add intel-openmp as an explicit dependency
@@ -356,7 +390,7 @@ jobs:
              SET PACKAGE_VERSION=%%F
           )
           SET "WORKAROUND_DEPENDENCIES=intel-openmp"
-          conda create -n ${{ env.TEST_ENV_NAME }} ${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }}=%PACKAGE_VERSION% %WORKAROUND_DEPENDENCIES% pytest python=${{ matrix.python }} ${{ matrix.numpy }} -c ${{ env.GITHUB_WORKSPACE }}/channel ${{ env.CHANNELS }}
+          conda create -n ${{ env.TEST_ENV_NAME }} ${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }}=%PACKAGE_VERSION% %WORKAROUND_DEPENDENCIES% pytest "python=${{ matrix.python_spec || matrix.python }}" ${{ matrix.numpy }} -c ${{ env.GITHUB_WORKSPACE }}/channel ${{ env.CHANNELS }}
           conda activate ${{ env.TEST_ENV_NAME }}
 
           # Test installed packages

From 9b41e87a9e0c5f4a7f442be952a3b10a7801b4a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Vladislav Perevezentsev <vladislav.perevezentsev@intel.com>
Date: Wed, 12 Aug 2026 04:20:41 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 04/10] Add free-threading test for mkl_random

---
 mkl_random/tests/test_freethreading.py | 129 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 129 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 mkl_random/tests/test_freethreading.py

diff --git a/mkl_random/tests/test_freethreading.py b/mkl_random/tests/test_freethreading.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d5c4a5ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mkl_random/tests/test_freethreading.py
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2026, Intel Corporation
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+#
+#     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
+#       this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+#     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+#       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+#       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+#     * Neither the name of Intel Corporation nor the names of its contributors
+#       may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+#       without specific prior written permission.
+#
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+# AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+# DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+# FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+# DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+# SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+# CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+# OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+# OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+import os
+import sys
+import sysconfig
+import threading
+
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+
+# Oversubscription: MKL spawns its own thread pool per calling thread, so
+# generating from many Python threads concurrently can spawn far more OS
+# threads than cores. Cap it before mkl_random/MKL initialize.
+os.environ.setdefault("MKL_NUM_THREADS", "1")
+
+import mkl_random  # noqa: E402
+
+FREE_THREADED = bool(sysconfig.get_config_var("Py_GIL_DISABLED"))
+
+
+def test_concurrent_sampling_per_instance():
+    # Each thread owns a private MKLRandomState seeded identically, so the
+    # per-instance lock + `nogil` sampling must reproduce the single-threaded
+    # result exactly regardless of concurrency.
+    n_threads = 4
+    size = 10**5 + 1  # large enough that per-thread nogil sampling overlaps
+    seed = 1234
+
+    expected = mkl_random.MKLRandomState(seed).normal(size=size)
+
+    results = [None] * n_threads
+    errors = []
+
+    def worker(i):
+        try:
+            rs = mkl_random.MKLRandomState(seed)
+            results[i] = rs.normal(size=size)
+        except Exception as exc:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
+            errors.append(exc)
+
+    threads = [
+        threading.Thread(target=worker, args=(i,)) for i in range(n_threads)
+    ]
+    for t in threads:
+        t.start()
+    for t in threads:
+        t.join()
+
+    assert not errors
+
+    for i in range(n_threads):
+        np.testing.assert_array_equal(results[i], expected)
+
+
+def test_concurrent_shared_singleton():
+    # Module-level functions share a single lock-guarded RandomState. Hammering
+    # it from many threads must not corrupt state, crash, or return garbage.
+    n_threads = 8
+    size = 10**5 + 1
+    results = [None] * n_threads
+    errors = []
+
+    def worker(i):
+        try:
+            results[i] = mkl_random.uniform(size=size)
+        except Exception as exc:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
+            errors.append(exc)
+
+    threads = [
+        threading.Thread(target=worker, args=(i,)) for i in range(n_threads)
+    ]
+    for t in threads:
+        t.start()
+    for t in threads:
+        t.join()
+
+    assert not errors
+
+    for i in range(n_threads):
+        assert results[i].shape == (size,)
+        assert np.all(np.isfinite(results[i]))
+
+
+def test_concurrent_patch_restore():
+    n_threads = 8
+    n_iters = 20
+
+    def worker():
+        for _ in range(n_iters):
+            mkl_random.patch_numpy_random()
+            mkl_random.restore_numpy_random()
+
+    threads = [threading.Thread(target=worker) for _ in range(n_threads)]
+    for t in threads:
+        t.start()
+    for t in threads:
+        t.join()
+
+    assert not mkl_random.is_patched()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    not FREE_THREADED, reason="requires a free-threaded CPython build"
+)
+def test_gil_not_reenabled_on_import():
+    assert not sys._is_gil_enabled()  # pylint: disable=no-member

From 4de50ebc1e12fbb77c73ab0d9289569a7141c7b4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Vladislav Perevezentsev <vladislav.perevezentsev@intel.com>
Date: Wed, 12 Aug 2026 04:21:46 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 05/10] Update README build deps to cython>=3.1.0

---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 7e5f06a8..ce6d04ba 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ If you already have `mkl` and `numpy` installed (from your system or a conda env
 and want to reuse them instead of pulling fresh copies into an isolated build, first
 install the build dependencies:
 ```sh
-pip install meson-python cmake ninja cython numpy mkl-devel
+pip install meson-python cmake ninja "cython>=3.1.0" numpy mkl-devel
 ```
 
 then build against the existing installation with:

From 8e5a8e5885b2bb3e514c927fa3f9a084c590ad9e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Vladislav Perevezentsev <vladislav.perevezentsev@intel.com>
Date: Wed, 12 Aug 2026 04:57:37 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 06/10] Add a missing continue-on-error to conda-package.yml

---
 .github/workflows/conda-package.yml | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/conda-package.yml b/.github/workflows/conda-package.yml
index cef4892a..2334fb27 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/conda-package.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/conda-package.yml
@@ -204,6 +204,7 @@ jobs:
             python_tag: "3.14t"
             numpy: 'numpy">=2"'
             experimental: false
+    continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.experimental }}
 
     env:
       CHANNELS: -c https://software.repos.intel.com/python/conda -c conda-forge --override-channels
@@ -304,6 +305,7 @@ jobs:
             python_tag: "3.14t"
             numpy: 'numpy">=2"'
             experimental: false
+    continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.experimental }}
 
     env:
       CHANNELS: -c https://software.repos.intel.com/python/conda -c conda-forge --override-channels

From 4b9cfe7111f36eb11de4887ff4ad1f404802504f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Vladislav Perevezentsev <vladislav.perevezentsev@intel.com>
Date: Wed, 12 Aug 2026 05:04:59 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 07/10] Add gh-159 to CHANGELOG.md

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index eff67b71..52eb980b 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,8 +7,13 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
 # [dev] (MM/DD/YYYY)
 
 ### Added
+* Added support for free-threaded (GIL-disabled) CPython builds: the Cython extension is compiled with `freethreading_compatible=True`, so importing `mkl_random` no longer re-enables the GIL [gh-159](https://github.com/IntelPython/mkl_random/pull/159)
 
 ### Changed
+* Raised the minimum build-time `Cython` requirement to `3.1.0`, the first release providing the `freethreading_compatible` directive [gh-159](https://github.com/IntelPython/mkl_random/pull/159)
+
+### Removed
+* Removed the `python-gil` constraint from the conda recipes, which pinned `mkl_random` to GIL-enabled Python 3.14 builds [gh-159](https://github.com/IntelPython/mkl_random/pull/159)
 
 ### Fixed
 

From be5c348130ec8ac5784ef42d9e3f3ae082a9f73f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Vladislav Perevezentsev <vladislav.perevezentsev@intel.com>
Date: Wed, 12 Aug 2026 13:51:52 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 08/10] Create fresh Windows test env for cp314t

---
 .github/workflows/conda-package-cf.yml | 5 ++---
 .github/workflows/conda-package.yml    | 6 ++----
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/conda-package-cf.yml b/.github/workflows/conda-package-cf.yml
index 516e1b09..4590abcc 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/conda-package-cf.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/conda-package-cf.yml
@@ -290,8 +290,7 @@ jobs:
         with:
           miniforge-version: latest
           channels: conda-forge
-          activate-environment: ${{ env.TEST_ENV_NAME }}
-          python-version: ${{ matrix.python }}
+          activate-environment: base
 
       - name: Install conda-index
         run: |
@@ -316,7 +315,7 @@ jobs:
           FOR /F "tokens=* USEBACKQ" %%F IN (`python -c "%SCRIPT%"`) DO (
              SET PACKAGE_VERSION=%%F
           )
-          conda install -n ${{ env.TEST_ENV_NAME }} ${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }}=%PACKAGE_VERSION% "python=${{ matrix.python_spec || matrix.python }}" numpy=${{ matrix.numpy }} -c ${{ env.GITHUB_WORKSPACE }}/channel ${{ env.CHANNELS }} --only-deps --dry-run > lockfile
+          conda create -n ${{ env.TEST_ENV_NAME }} ${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }}=%PACKAGE_VERSION% "python=${{ matrix.python_spec || matrix.python }}" numpy=${{ matrix.numpy }} -c ${{ env.GITHUB_WORKSPACE }}/channel ${{ env.CHANNELS }} --only-deps --dry-run > lockfile
 
       - name: Cache conda packages
         uses: actions/cache@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9 # v6.1.0
diff --git a/.github/workflows/conda-package.yml b/.github/workflows/conda-package.yml
index 2334fb27..946324ba 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/conda-package.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/conda-package.yml
@@ -318,11 +318,9 @@ jobs:
 
       - uses: conda-incubator/setup-miniconda@8ee1f361103df19b6f8c8655fd3967a8ecb162d5 # v4.0.1
         with:
-          auto-update-conda: true
           miniforge-version: latest
           channels: conda-forge
-          activate-environment: ${{ env.TEST_ENV_NAME }}
-          python-version: ${{ matrix.python }}
+          activate-environment: base
 
       - name: Install conda-index
         run: |
@@ -366,7 +364,7 @@ jobs:
           FOR /F "tokens=* USEBACKQ" %%F IN (`python -c "%SCRIPT%"`) DO (
              SET PACKAGE_VERSION=%%F
           )
-          conda install -n ${{ env.TEST_ENV_NAME }} ${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }}=%PACKAGE_VERSION% "python=${{ matrix.python_spec || matrix.python }}" ${{ matrix.numpy }} -c ${{ env.GITHUB_WORKSPACE }}/channel ${{ env.CHANNELS }} --only-deps --dry-run > lockfile
+          conda create -n ${{ env.TEST_ENV_NAME }} ${{ env.PACKAGE_NAME }}=%PACKAGE_VERSION% "python=${{ matrix.python_spec || matrix.python }}" ${{ matrix.numpy }} -c ${{ env.GITHUB_WORKSPACE }}/channel ${{ env.CHANNELS }} --only-deps --dry-run > lockfile
 
       - name: Cache conda packages
         uses: actions/cache@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9 # v6.1.0

From 33e696b0365dbea7a050e8ea31567d72e3193837 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Vladislav Perevezentsev <vladislav.perevezentsev@intel.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Sep 2026 04:09:44 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 09/10] Fix data races in unguarded RNG methods under
 free-threading

---
 mkl_random/mklrand.pyx | 92 +++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 50 insertions(+), 42 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mkl_random/mklrand.pyx b/mkl_random/mklrand.pyx
index f0a2a5e9..c4491c1a 100644
--- a/mkl_random/mklrand.pyx
+++ b/mkl_random/mklrand.pyx
@@ -1632,13 +1632,13 @@ cdef class _MKLRandomState:
         cdef unsigned int stream_id
         cdef cnp.ndarray obj "arrayObject_obj"
 
-        if (brng):
-            brng_token, stream_id = _parse_brng_argument(brng)
-        else:
-            brng_token = <irk_brng_t> irk_get_brng_and_stream_mkl(
-                self.internal_state, &stream_id
-            )
         with self.lock:
+            if (brng):
+                brng_token, stream_id = _parse_brng_argument(brng)
+            else:
+                brng_token = <irk_brng_t> irk_get_brng_and_stream_mkl(
+                    self.internal_state, &stream_id
+                )
             try:
                 if seed is None:
                     _errcode = irk_randomseed_mkl(
@@ -6599,7 +6599,8 @@ cdef class _MKLRandomState:
             raise ValueError("n < 0")
         # numpy#20483: Avoids divide by 0
         niter = sz // d if d else 0
-        irk_multinomial_vec(self.internal_state, niter, mnix, n, d, pix)
+        with self.lock, nogil:
+            irk_multinomial_vec(self.internal_state, niter, mnix, n, d, pix)
 
         return multin
 
@@ -6976,7 +6977,8 @@ cdef class MKLRandomState(_MKLRandomState):
         """
         cdef int err, brng_id
 
-        err = irk_leapfrog_stream_mkl(self.internal_state, k, nstreams)
+        with self.lock:
+            err = irk_leapfrog_stream_mkl(self.internal_state, k, nstreams)
 
         if err == -1:
             raise ValueError("The stream state buffer is corrupted")
@@ -6997,7 +6999,8 @@ cdef class MKLRandomState(_MKLRandomState):
         """
         cdef int err, brng_id
 
-        err = irk_skipahead_stream_mkl(self.internal_state, nskips)
+        with self.lock:
+            err = irk_skipahead_stream_mkl(self.internal_state, nskips)
 
         if err == -1:
             raise ValueError("The stream state buffer is corrupted")
@@ -7080,9 +7083,10 @@ cdef class MKLRandomState(_MKLRandomState):
 
         if ((<int> lo) == lo) and ((<int>hi) == hi):
             if size is None:
-                irk_discrete_uniform_vec(
-                    self.internal_state, 1, &rv_int, <int>lo, <int>hi
-                )
+                with self.lock, nogil:
+                    irk_discrete_uniform_vec(
+                        self.internal_state, 1, &rv_int, <int>lo, <int>hi
+                    )
                 return rv_int
             else:
                 array = <cnp.ndarray>np.empty(size, np.int32)
@@ -7099,9 +7103,10 @@ cdef class MKLRandomState(_MKLRandomState):
                 return array
         else:
             if size is None:
-                irk_discrete_uniform_long_vec(
-                    self.internal_state, 1, &rv_long, lo, hi
-                )
+                with self.lock, nogil:
+                    irk_discrete_uniform_long_vec(
+                        self.internal_state, 1, &rv_long, lo, hi
+                    )
                 return rv_long
             else:
                 array = <cnp.ndarray>np.empty(size, int)
@@ -7284,35 +7289,38 @@ cdef class MKLRandomState(_MKLRandomState):
             method, [ICDF, BOXMULLER2, BOXMULLER], _method_alias_dict_gaussian
         )
         if (method is ICDF):
-            irk_multinormal_vec_ICDF(
-                self.internal_state,
-                n,
-                res_data,
-                dim,
-                mean_data,
-                t_data,
-                storage_mode
-            )
+            with self.lock, nogil:
+                irk_multinormal_vec_ICDF(
+                    self.internal_state,
+                    n,
+                    res_data,
+                    dim,
+                    mean_data,
+                    t_data,
+                    storage_mode
+                )
         elif (method is BOXMULLER2):
-            irk_multinormal_vec_BM2(
-                self.internal_state,
-                n,
-                res_data,
-                dim,
-                mean_data,
-                t_data,
-                storage_mode
-            )
+            with self.lock, nogil:
+                irk_multinormal_vec_BM2(
+                    self.internal_state,
+                    n,
+                    res_data,
+                    dim,
+                    mean_data,
+                    t_data,
+                    storage_mode
+                )
         else:
-            irk_multinormal_vec_BM1(
-                self.internal_state,
-                n,
-                res_data,
-                dim,
-                mean_data,
-                t_data,
-                storage_mode
-            )
+            with self.lock, nogil:
+                irk_multinormal_vec_BM1(
+                    self.internal_state,
+                    n,
+                    res_data,
+                    dim,
+                    mean_data,
+                    t_data,
+                    storage_mode
+                )
 
         return resarr
 

From 5d864420119b0606e33e664e647fcb191627fdfe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Vladislav Perevezentsev <vladislav.perevezentsev@intel.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Sep 2026 04:30:18 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 10/10] Add shared-stream race regression test for
 free-threading

---
 mkl_random/tests/test_freethreading.py | 93 +++++++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 53 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mkl_random/tests/test_freethreading.py b/mkl_random/tests/test_freethreading.py
index d5c4a5ba..a2aaa3d1 100644
--- a/mkl_random/tests/test_freethreading.py
+++ b/mkl_random/tests/test_freethreading.py
@@ -41,28 +41,18 @@
 FREE_THREADED = bool(sysconfig.get_config_var("Py_GIL_DISABLED"))
 
 
-def test_concurrent_sampling_per_instance():
-    # Each thread owns a private MKLRandomState seeded identically, so the
-    # per-instance lock + `nogil` sampling must reproduce the single-threaded
-    # result exactly regardless of concurrency.
-    n_threads = 4
-    size = 10**5 + 1  # large enough that per-thread nogil sampling overlaps
-    seed = 1234
-
-    expected = mkl_random.MKLRandomState(seed).normal(size=size)
-
-    results = [None] * n_threads
+def _run_on_threads(worker, n_threads):
+    # Run worker(i) on n_threads and fail if any thread raised.
     errors = []
 
-    def worker(i):
+    def wrapped(i):
         try:
-            rs = mkl_random.MKLRandomState(seed)
-            results[i] = rs.normal(size=size)
+            worker(i)
         except Exception as exc:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
             errors.append(exc)
 
     threads = [
-        threading.Thread(target=worker, args=(i,)) for i in range(n_threads)
+        threading.Thread(target=wrapped, args=(i,)) for i in range(n_threads)
     ]
     for t in threads:
         t.start()
@@ -71,8 +61,24 @@ def worker(i):
 
     assert not errors
 
-    for i in range(n_threads):
-        np.testing.assert_array_equal(results[i], expected)
+
+def test_concurrent_sampling_per_instance():
+    # Each thread owns a private MKLRandomState seeded identically, so the
+    # per-instance lock + `nogil` sampling must reproduce the single-threaded
+    # result exactly regardless of concurrency.
+    n_threads = 4
+    size = 10**5 + 1  # large enough that per-thread nogil sampling overlaps
+    seed = 1234
+    expected = mkl_random.MKLRandomState(seed).normal(size=size)
+    results = [None] * n_threads
+
+    def worker(i):
+        results[i] = mkl_random.MKLRandomState(seed).normal(size=size)
+
+    _run_on_threads(worker, n_threads)
+
+    for r in results:
+        np.testing.assert_array_equal(r, expected)
 
 
 def test_concurrent_shared_singleton():
@@ -81,47 +87,54 @@ def test_concurrent_shared_singleton():
     n_threads = 8
     size = 10**5 + 1
     results = [None] * n_threads
-    errors = []
 
     def worker(i):
-        try:
-            results[i] = mkl_random.uniform(size=size)
-        except Exception as exc:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
-            errors.append(exc)
+        results[i] = mkl_random.uniform(size=size)
 
-    threads = [
-        threading.Thread(target=worker, args=(i,)) for i in range(n_threads)
-    ]
-    for t in threads:
-        t.start()
-    for t in threads:
-        t.join()
+    _run_on_threads(worker, n_threads)
 
-    assert not errors
-
-    for i in range(n_threads):
-        assert results[i].shape == (size,)
-        assert np.all(np.isfinite(results[i]))
+    for r in results:
+        assert r.shape == (size,)
+        assert np.all(np.isfinite(r))
 
 
 def test_concurrent_patch_restore():
     n_threads = 8
     n_iters = 20
 
-    def worker():
+    def worker(_i):
         for _ in range(n_iters):
             mkl_random.patch_numpy_random()
             mkl_random.restore_numpy_random()
 
-    threads = [threading.Thread(target=worker) for _ in range(n_threads)]
-    for t in threads:
-        t.start()
-    for t in threads:
-        t.join()
+    _run_on_threads(worker, n_threads)
 
     assert not mkl_random.is_patched()
 
 
+def test_concurrent_multinormal_cholesky_shared():
+    # A data race on the shared stream reuses values; assert few duplicates.
+    n_threads = 8
+    mean = np.zeros(1)
+    ch = np.eye(1)
+    rng = mkl_random.MKLRandomState(12345)
+    chunks = [None] * n_threads
+
+    def worker(i):
+        parts = [
+            rng.multinormal_cholesky(mean, ch, size=4000).ravel()
+            for _ in range(25)
+        ]
+        chunks[i] = np.concatenate(parts)
+
+    _run_on_threads(worker, n_threads)
+
+    allvals = np.concatenate(chunks)
+    assert np.all(np.isfinite(allvals))
+    dup_frac = 1.0 - np.unique(allvals).size / allvals.size
+    assert dup_frac < 0.01, f"shared stream corrupted: {dup_frac:.3%} dups"
+
+
 @pytest.mark.skipif(
     not FREE_THREADED, reason="requires a free-threaded CPython build"
 )