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<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html lang="zh-CN">
<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.9.0">
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="keywords" content="JWT, 记录">
<meta name="baidu-site-verification" content="fmlEuI34ir">
<meta name="google-site-verification" content="yCy2azpds5XSuGZvis6OuA-XIGF5GuGpYRAaGfD6o48">
<meta name="360-site-verification" content="b7c11a830ef90fd1464ad6206bb7b6e7">
<meta name="description" content="JWTJWT介绍JWT(json web token)是为了在网络应用环境间传递声明而执行的一种基于JSON的开放标准。 JWT的声明一般被用来在身份提供者和服务提供者间传递被认证的用户身份信息，以便于从资源服务器获取资源。比如用户登录。在">
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<title>JWT | Ji`s Blog</title>
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#loading-container{
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height: 50px;
transform: translate(-50%);
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.loading-image div:nth-child(2) {
-webkit-animation: pacman-balls 1s linear 0s infinite;
animation: pacman-balls 1s linear 0s infinite
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border: 25px solid #49b1f5;
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margin-bottom: 20vh;
text-align: center;
color: #2c3e50;
font-size: 2rem;
box-sizing: border-box;
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/* logo���ֶ��� */
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</style>
<script>
(function () {
const loaded = function(){
setTimeout(function(){
const loader = document.getElementById("loading-container");
loader.className="fadeout" ;//ʹ�ý����ķ�������loading page
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})()
</script></head>
<div id="loading-container">
<p class="loading-text"></p>
<div class="loading-image">
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
</div>
</div><body>
<header class="navbar-fixed">
<nav id="headNav" class="bg-color nav-transparent">
<div id="navContainer" class="nav-wrapper container">
<div class="brand-logo">
<a href="/" class="waves-effect waves-light">
<img src="/medias/logo.png" class="logo-img" alt="LOGO">
<span class="logo-span">Ji`s Blog</span>
</a>
</div>
<a href="#" data-target="mobile-nav" class="sidenav-trigger button-collapse"><i class="fa fa-navicon"></i></a>
<ul class="right">
<li class="hide-on-med-and-down">
<a href="/" class="waves-effect waves-light">
<span>首页</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="hide-on-med-and-down">
<a href="/tags" class="waves-effect waves-light">
<span>标签</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="hide-on-med-and-down">
<a href="/categories" class="waves-effect waves-light">
<span>分类</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="hide-on-med-and-down">
<a href="/archives" class="waves-effect waves-light">
<span>归档</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="hide-on-med-and-down">
<a href="/about" class="waves-effect waves-light">
<span>关于</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="hide-on-med-and-down">
<a href="/friends" class="waves-effect waves-light">
<span>友情链接</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="hide-on-med-and-down">
<a href="/contact" class="waves-effect waves-light">
<span>留言板</span>
</a>
</li>
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<h1 id="JWT"><a href="#JWT" class="headerlink" title="JWT"></a>JWT</h1><h2 id="JWT介绍"><a href="#JWT介绍" class="headerlink" title="JWT介绍"></a>JWT介绍</h2><p>JWT(json web token)是为了在网络应用环境间传递声明而执行的一种基于JSON的开放标准。<br> JWT的声明一般被用来在身份提供者和服务提供者间传递被认证的用户身份信息，以便于从资源服务器获取资源。比如用户登录。在传统的用户登录认证中，因为http是无状态的，所以都是采用session方式。用户登录成功，服务端会保存一个session，服务端会返回给客户端一个sessionId，客户端会把sessionId保存在cookie中，每次请求都会携带这个sessionId。</p>
<p> cookie+session这种模式通常是保存在内存中，而且服务从单服务到多服务会面临的session共享问题。虽然目前存在使用Redis进行Session共享的机制，但是随着用户量和访问量的增加，Redis中保存的数据会越来越多，开销就会越来越大，多服务间的耦合性也会越来越大，Redis中的数据也很难进行管理，例如当Redis集群服务器出现Down机的情况下，整个业务系统随之将变为不可用的状态。而JWT不是这样的，只需要服务端生成token，客户端保存这个token，每次请求携带这个token，服务端认证解析就可。</p>
<h2 id="JWT的结构"><a href="#JWT的结构" class="headerlink" title="JWT的结构"></a>JWT的结构</h2><p><img src="/jwt/image-20230322191935818.png" alt="image-20230322191935818"></p>
<p> 第一部分称它为头部（header),第二部分称其为载荷（payload)，第三部分是签证（signature)</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>header</strong> jwt的头部承载两部分信息： 1.声明类型，这里是jwt 2.声明加密的算法 通常直接使用 HMAC SHA256</li>
</ul>
<p>完整的头部就像下面这样的JSON：</p>
<pre><code>{
"typ": "JWT",
"alg": "HS256"
}</code></pre><p>然后将头部进行base64加密（该加密是可以对称解密的),构成了第一部分：</p>
<pre><code>eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9</code></pre><ul>
<li><strong>playload</strong> 载荷就是存放有效信息的地方。这个名字像是特指飞机上承载的货品，这些有效信息包含三个部分：标准中注册的声明、公共的声明、私有的声明。</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>标准中注册的声明 (建议但不强制使用) ： iss: jwt签发者 sub: jwt所面向的用户 aud: 接收jwt的一方 exp: jwt的过期时间，这个过期时间必须要大于签发时间 nbf: 定义在什么时间之前，该jwt都是不可用的. iat: jwt的签发时间 jti: jwt的唯一身份标识，主要用来作为一次性token,从而回避重放攻击。</li>
<li>公共的声明 ： 公共的声明可以添加任何的信息，一般添加用户的相关信息或其他业务需要的必要信息.但不建议添加敏感信息，因为该部分在客户端可解密。</li>
<li>私有的声明 ： 私有声明是提供者和消费者所共同定义的声明，一般不建议存放敏感信息，因为base64是对称解密的，意味着该部分信息可以归类为明文信息。 </li>
<li>此部分不建议存放敏感信息，因为此部分可以解码还原原始内容。</li>
</ol>
<p>定义一个payload：</p>
<pre><code>{
"uid":"e12a34b56c78d9e0f",
"name":"ramostear",
"role":"admin"
}</code></pre><p>然后将其进行base64加密，得到Jwt的第二部分：</p>
<pre><code>eyJvcmciOiLku4rml6XlpLTmnaEiLCJuYW1lIjoiRnJlZeeggeWGnCIsImV4cCI6MTUxNDM1NjEwMywiaWF0IjoxNTE0MzU2MDQzLCJhZ2UiOiIyOCJ9</code></pre><ul>
<li><p><strong>signature</strong> jwt的第三部分是一个签证信息，这个签证信息由三部分组成：header (base64后的)、 payload (base64后的)、secret。</p>
<p>此部分用于防止jwt内容被篡改。这个部分使用base64url将前两部分进行编码，编码后使用点（.）连接组成字符串，最后使用header中声明签名算法进行签名。然后就构成了jwt的第三部分：</p>
</li>
</ul>
<pre><code>49UF72vSkj-sA4aHHiYN5eoZ9Nb4w5Vb45PsLF7x_NY</code></pre><pre><code> HMACSHA256(
base64UrlEncode(header) + "." +
base64UrlEncode(payload),
secret)
</code></pre><p>base64UrlEncode(header)：jwt令牌的第一部分。</p>
<p>base64UrlEncode(payload)：jwt令牌的第二部分。</p>
<p>secret：签名所使用的密钥。</p>
<h2 id="为什么JWT可以防止篡改？"><a href="#为什么JWT可以防止篡改？" class="headerlink" title="为什么JWT可以防止篡改？"></a>为什么JWT可以防止篡改？</h2><p>第三部分使用签名算法对第一部分和第二部分的内容进行签名，常用的签名算法是 HS256，常见的还有md5,sha 等，签名算法需要使用密钥进行签名，密钥不对外公开，并且签名是不可逆的，如果第三方更改了内容那么服务器验证签名就会失败，要想保证验证签名正确必须保证内容、密钥与签名前一致。</p>
<p><img src="/jwt/image-20230322194425426.png" alt="image-20230322194425426"></p>
<p>从上图可以看出认证服务和资源服务使用相同的密钥，这叫对称加密，对称加密效率高，如果一旦密钥泄露可以伪造jwt令牌。</p>
<p>JWT还可以使用非对称加密，认证服务自己保留私钥，将公钥下发给受信任的客户端、资源服务，公钥和私钥是配对的，成对的公钥和私钥才可以正常加密和解密，非对称加密效率低但相比对称加密非对称加密更安全一些。</p>
<h2 id="认证流程"><a href="#认证流程" class="headerlink" title="认证流程"></a>认证流程</h2><p>首先，前端通过Web表单将自己的用户名和密码发送到后端的接口。这一过程一般是一个HTTP POST请求。建议的方式是通过SSL加密的传输（https协议），从而避免敏感信息被嗅探。<br>后端核对用户名和密码成功后，将用户的id等其他信息作为JWT Payload（负载），将其与头部分别进行Base64编码拼接后签名，形成一个JWT（Token）。形成的JWT就是一个形同lll.zzz.xxx的字符串。<br>后端将JWT字符串作为登录成功的返回结果返回给前端。前端可以将返回的结果保存在localStorage或sessionStorage上，退出登录时前端删除保存的JWT即可。<br>前端在每次请求时将JWT放入HTTP Header中的Authorization位。（解决XSS和XSRF问题）<br>后端检查是否存在，如存在验证JWT的有效性。例如：检查签名是否正确；检查Token是否过期；检查Token的接收方是否是自己（可选）。<br>验证通过后后端使用JWT中包含的用户信息进行其他逻辑操作，返回相应结果</p>
<p>JWT解决了什么问题</p>
<p>用户认证通过后会得到一个JWT令牌，JWT令牌中已经包括了用户相关的信息，客户端只需要携带JWT访问资源服务，资源服务根据事先约定的算法自行完成令牌校验，无需每次都请求认证服务完成授权。</p>
<h2 id="使用jwt"><a href="#使用jwt" class="headerlink" title="使用jwt"></a>使用jwt</h2><p>1,导入依赖</p>
<pre><code><dependency>
<groupId>com.auth0</groupId>
<artifactId>java-jwt</artifactId>
<version>3.4.0</version>
</dependency>
</code></pre><p>2，生成Token</p>
<pre><code>Calendar instance = Calendar.getInstance();
instance.add(Calendar.SECOND,90); //设置过期时间
//生成令牌
String token = JWT.create()
.withClaim("username", "张三")//设置自定义用户名
.withClaim("userid", 1)//设置自定义id
.withExpiresAt(instance.getTime())//设置过期时间
.sign(Algorithm.HMAC256("token!Q2W#E$RW"));//设置签名 保密 复杂</code></pre><p>3.根据令牌解析数据</p>
<pre><code> //创建验证对象
JWTVerifier jwtVerifier = JWT.require(Algorithm.HMAC256("token!Q2W#E$RW")).build();
DecodedJWT decodedJWT = jwtVerifier.verify("eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJleHAiOjE2MDQ4ODU1NzAsInVzZXJJZCI6MSwidXNlcm5hbWUiOiLlvKDkuIkifQ.s4YAv6EWqZQA4eO2uTwJkAoR45AZUOGMDskjvzoaW-s");
System.out.println("用户名："+decodedJWT.getClaim("username").asString());</code></pre>
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